How to Begin a College Essay

How to Begin a College EssayIn order to be prepared for any type of essay, you must first know how to begin a college essay. This is the most important step and the one that often gets skipped when writing an essay.Many students begin essays with words that are too long, but this is only because they don't have any word limits in mind. The most common error is to either use too many words or too few words in your essay. Because of this, it is very important to write down exactly what you plan to write and then practice until you are absolutely sure of what you want to say.When you begin to write your college essay, you want to make sure that you are getting all of your ideas down on paper before you begin writing. If you're not, you will be forced to start from scratch, which is something that you do not want to do because you will be missing out on a lot of great ideas.If you want to be able to fully express yourself, you need to know how to properly use certain vocabulary. This is something that you should be learning as you go along with writing your college essay. Using proper grammar can also come into play when you are writing your essay, so be sure to keep an eye out for it.As I stated earlier, the most common mistake made by students is the use of too many words. Although it may be tempting to use a lot of words, remember that the goal is to be able to convey your thoughts in a way that makes sense. Using too many words can cause a student to feel lost or confused, and this is the last thing that you want to happen.So, how to begin a college essay? Use words that are well organized and complete sentences. A good outline will help to eliminate some of the guesswork that comes with an essay, but do not get away from your main idea and instead make sure that you can express it clearly and concisely.The key to knowing how to begin a college essay is to have a point of view about your topic. Begin by stating why you want to write this type of essay and what type of learning experience you are looking to gain from it. This is the best way to know what the rest of your essay should be about.The most important part of knowing how to begin a college essay is to be sure that you are using words that are written with care. There is no point in using words that sound completely off or ones that do not have the appropriate grammar. You can always learn how to correct these mistakes later, but using proper words is the first step.

Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe was conceived in a town called York in the seventeenth century, the most youthful child of a trader of German root. Crusoe's dad needed him to turn into a legal advisor yet he communicates his desire to go to the ocean rather on the grounds that he was gutsy. His family was against Crusoe venturing out onto the ocean, particularly his dad. At first, Robinson is focused on complying with his dad, however he in the end yields to enticement and sets out on a boat headed for London with a companion, without his family's assent: â€Å"but in the event that he travels to another country he will be the miserablest fraud that was ever conceived: I can give no agree to it†(p. ) However he chooses to out of control: â€Å"I resolv'd to flee from him†(p. 6) His character appears to be creative in light of the fact that at whatever point he feels that he needs to accomplish something, he figures out how to discover the assets to finish what he needs to do. This is a topic as this constant in the novel, he clearly figures out how to go to the ocean with no issue, his companion gives him a free ticket thus consequently he utilizes it. The principal thing that grabbed my attention when perusing this opening of the novel was that it has been composed from a first individual's account. â€Å"I† is the principal expression of the ovel, introducing what he himself watches for the most part, he favors a progressively genuine account style and concentrates more on occasions and activities. Crusoe is the storyteller and furthermore the principle character of the story, everything is portrayed in his own words and as referenced before, he communicates a verifiable and nitty gritty account style. It proceeds to discuss himself, the principle character and his sibling and father. This shows his family impacted him, this acclimation of his family carries the perusers closer to the character and shows that Crusoe a common man. Having perused the novel ‘Robinson Crusoe', I will currently remark on how the initial scenes to present subjects which will be imperative to the novel in general. The principal subject I have seen from the opening is double-crossing since he resisted his dad despite the fact that his dad didn't need him to go on an experience. He at that point laments this and wishes he were at home: † I would go legitimately home to my dad and never set it in a boat again while I lived. â€Å"(p. 8) Crusoe says this well before the experience has begun, this statement gives a feeling of egret and thusly intrigues the perusers about what will occur straightaway and hence gives a feeling of mystery. Lament implying that whatever will occur, won't be acceptable so accordingly Crusoe is as of now discontent with the experience, so from this we, as the crowd realize that there is a whole other world to come. He sets us up for the experience and causes it to appear that around then, he didn't have a favorable opinion of his dad's recommendation. Since he has encountered and discovered he did an inappropriate thing he is on his dad's side: My dad, an astute and fabulous man, gave me genuine and incredible committee against what he predicted was my design†(p. 4) There is an additionally strict component being depicted here in light of the fact that strict individuals generally have confidence in an arrangement that has been structured by god. He turns out to be increasingly strict due to being detached on the island and starts speaking with god, so religion turns into a topic in the novel. Despite the fact that he is by all accounts strict later on, he despite everything aggregates cash from every one of his experiences and he additionally figures out how to make a benefit out of his misfortune. This makes him a conomical man and this all descends to his family foundation and the mann er in which he been raised from what we accumulate in the initial scarcely any sections: â€Å"prospect of raising my fortunes by application and industry, without breaking a sweat and pleasure†(p. 4) His dad consistently reminded him about the white collar class individuals and disclosed to him that it is the best station of life and to be thankful of what he as of now has. You can tell that Crusoe is exceptionally attached to cash in light of the manner in which he has been raised, he considers raising his fortunes by application and industry, so we realize that he has an informed foundation (father. He likewise considers cash to be straightforwardness and delight: â€Å"That the center Station of life was determined for all sort of Virtues and a wide range of Enjoyment; that Peace and Plenty were the Hand-Maids of center Fortune. â€Å"(p. 5) The initial scarcely any sections are exceptionally explicit and point by point which completely educates the peruser about each circumstance Crusoe experiences (his family's definition and his getaway from home). This additionally makes the novel an onlooker record and gives the feeling of honesty, this makes the perusers progressively associated with the character and hence can relate more to the novel. This shows Defoe is very acceptable at making a feeling of authenticity. At long last, Crusoe appeared to be in charge of his life where he would not like to tune in to his dad yet later on in the novel figures out how to have accomplishment in acing his circumstance, defeating his hindrances and controlling his condition. So Crusoe needing to be in charge and free of his life and defiant against his dad in the initial scarcely any passages appeared to help him later on in the novel and instructed him to assume responsibility for his life. Each peruser can somehow or another relate to Crusoe and his circumstance. His internal clashes are clear in the initial not many sections, which are obligation and freedom, the obligation being that he needed to remain at home and study law as his dad wished, and the autonomy being the way that he needed to be autonomous and that transpired. Expectation and sadness is another inward clash since when he ventured out from home, he understood what he has done isn't what he expected so in this way lamented the runaway which made him very frantic yet he had trust. His expectation shows that he is an idealistic individual. At the point when he was at home, he was not content with what he had, we know this by his haracter, continually searching for something he didn't have, yet later on in the island, he fulfilled himself with what he had and benefited as much as possible from everything. This demonstrates an adjustment in his character to be a more full grown man instead of a little juvenile kid with ridiculous dreams. The subjects of religion, genius, freedom, selling out, the executives and financial matters are unquestionably significant in the novel overall. They are stressed on later when stalls out on the island and I would state that the two most significant subjects would be religion and economy the board. Robinson Crusoe Composing Assignment #1 From numerous people’s points of view, Robinson Crusoe’s aim of going on a vessel and watch the entire world is most likely only a craving of youth and enthusiasm. He dismissed his Father’s recommendation of a â€Å"middle-stage† life satisfied with bliss that the higher and the lower stages have begrudged for a very long time. Yet, is it genuine that the main thing achieved from his craving is simply going to a vessel? Obviously, the excursion additionally changes the manner in which he has consistently been from within, which is unmistakably found in the second and the third sections on page 18 when Robinson and Xury were examining who might proceed to discover the water.Compared to different entries in the entire book, the language in this passage isn't highly entangled, yet it means a gigantic change in Robinson’s disposition towards life and particularly his little companion Xury. Toward the start of the book, Robinson i s imagined as a man conceived in a fine family, whose Father can recommend and bolster him with an upbeat and quiet life. However, at eighteen years old, it is difficult for Robinson to just acknowledge all the things his Father offered without battling, which rouses his fantasy about going to the ocean and rejects all the delight that he may have on the off chance that he stays home.No matter how promising and energized Robinson is, it is irrefutable that he was brought up in ease, which discloses why he chose to accept his Father’s exhortation when he was experiencing the tempest in his first time being on a vessel. It appears that his fantasies are enormous, however it needs a great deal of exertion to conquer the troubles that he never confronted. On page 18, second section, it is seen that there has been a critical change in Robinson’s contemplations. From a man who simply needed to return home and never go to the ocean again in any case, Robinson transformed into a man who is prepared to help his own life and penance himself for his companion. So much affection† and â€Å"Made me love him ever after† are the evidences for what has changed in Robinson: in the wake of tuning in to his companion Xury’s reason of needing to goon shoar alone to shield him from wild keeps an eye on, Robinson acknowledged Xury’s devotion that he demanded going together with Xury and will battle against the wild keeps an eye on. The â€Å"affection† of another changed his mentality and his explanation of existing: for himself as well as for another person. In the third passage, Robinson’s disposition is by and by demonstrated right now he discovered that Xury may require his assistance. Pursued† and â€Å"frighted† portrayed how Robinson is seeing Xury’s circumstance when he was running towards Robinson, which at that point prompted Robinson’s response of â€Å"ran forward towards him to help†. Those straightforward yet expressive words again demonstrated how much mindful and adoring Robinson has become towards his little companion Xury and educated how Robinson has changed when being placed in this circumstance. What's more, these words â€Å"like a bunny yet unique in shading, and longer legs† make the novel sound all the more genuine as Robinson currently really is a piece of the wild life.As seen from the earliest starting point, he didn't know numerous things about the wild creatures or animals, which were not the principle parts of his life. In any case, as he steps in this experience, Robinson accomplishes the extraordinary arrangement of information, and comes to know how â€Å"very good† such â€Å"meat† of that animal can be, particularly how euphoric â€Å"good water†, which isn't elusive at all on

Scientific Method Examples

Scientific Method Examples Scientific Method The classic scientific method has historically been presented as a seven step sequential process in the world of science. As science has evolved, we now know it is more cyclical than linear. This means that as an experiment is being performed following the steps of a scientific method, we can modify the setup after a set of results and do the experiment again. This is a much better representation of what occurs during the process of science. Steps of the scientific method: 1. An observation is made. 2. A problem is defined or a question is asked. 3. A hypothesis is proposed. 4. A controlled experiment is set up. 5. Data is collected and analyzed. 6. Conclusions are made. 7. Process is repeated to verify results. Examples of Scientific Method: 1. Raspberries did not grow well this year. 2. Why did the raspberries not grow well this year? 3. The raspberries did not grow well because we did not get much rain. 4. Raspberry plants are placed in moderately lit areas all receiving the same amount of light each day. Each plant will receive different amount of water. The size of the berries will be recorded daily once the plants begin to produce berries. 5. The raspberry plants receiving 1 cup of water daily grew to 1/2 " in diameter and those receiving two cups of water grew to 3/4 " in diameter. 6. The raspberry plants receiving the most water grew the biggest. Therefore, the hypothesis is supported that this year's raspberries did not get enough rain. 7. Repeat experiment.

A Stranger Among Us - 811 Words

In the movie, â€Å"A stranger among us†, it is vivid that there are three ethnic groups that are represented. The first group of people is the Jewish religious people who are from the Hasidic sub group of the Jewish religion. The second group of people represented in the movie are the mobsters who detective Eden refers to them as â€Å"scumbags†. The third group of people are the citizens of Brooklyn like detective Eden herself, her father, the boyfriend and other police men. All these groups play a significant role in the movie and thus are able to show is the diversity that exists in the movie. The movie is portrayed from various perspectives and this is because of the uniqueness of the groups represented in the movie. One of the main perspectives which the movie is portrayed is through detective Eden’s perspective, who observes the lives and the culture of the Jewish community. By virtual of the lack of understanding of the Jewish culture that we are able to learn how the Jews live and also get to know more about their culture. The other perspective in which the movie is presented is through the Jews, which enables us to see the ways of life in their community, in a completely different perspective. One of the most unique feature in the film was the setting of the neighborhood. As Detective Eden drove to the neighborhood we were able to extensively see the setting of the neighborhood. Other scenes of the movie also show us the nature and setting of the place. The writing in theShow MoreRelatedA Stranger Among Us648 Words   |  3 PagesA Stranger Among Us A Stranger Among Us is a movie that displays many aspects of ethnicity, and how many different groups of people interact and adapt to each other’s difference. There is a murder and a detective named Emily Eden has to place herself into a Jewish community to help solve this murder. In the film there is several groups displayed and many different perspectives, along with an ethnic neighborhood and lots of learning about the Hasidic culture, and Detective Eden made some crucialRead MoreFilm Paper on A Stranger Among Us660 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Paper on A Stranger Among Us In the movie A Stranger Among Us there are several characters that have their lives impacted by the events in the film. One such character is Ariel. Meeting Emily Eden, the murder of his best friend, and finding out who actually had a hand in the murder all has a profound impact upon Ariel. After Ariels best friend is reported missing, the NYPD sends detective Eden to the community to help and find out why he is missing and where he is. When they firstRead MoreJoseph P. Lawrencesocrates Among Strangers 1442 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph P. Lawrence. Socrates Among Strangers. (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2015) An interesting and provocative take on the life of Socrates, Socrates Among Strangers takes the eminent Greek philosopher out of the comfort of Greece and into strangeness of the World. All throughout this modest endeavor the prevailing question of what or whom a stranger is and whether this stranger can be discerned is tackled with great enthusiasm. With an almost impeccable success we the viewers are thrustRead MoreHospitality As A Code Of Conduct1074 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeply embedded in ancient Greek culture. Hospitality was very important and seen as a code of conduct. The term used to describe the concept of Ancient Greek hospitality was xenia. Xenia is basically the generosity and courtesy shown to guests, strangers, or those far from home. Xenia consists of two rules. The first rule is from host to guest, in which the host must be hospitable to the guest and provide basic needs (food, drink, and a bath). The host also has to hold all questioning until afterRead MoreA Commu nity Of Nobodies Of The Modern World864 Words   |  4 PagesJesus is among them. As authentic disciples, we should question ourselves that where their places are in our ministry. What are locking our sight and our mind to see and reach them? Being with, converting to, working from, and serving at the margins are what Jesus did to enter deeper into human world. From divine to human, from human to stranger, and from stranger to obedient death, and from suffering to glory, Jesus became incarnate among us as both humanly divine and divinely human. He shows us theRead MoreXenophobia Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesFear is an emotional response to a perceived threat that can harm us. With fear, the body undergoes a significant amount of pressure from other induced emotions, including stress, anger, and anxiety. In these situations, the body will instigate the fight or flight response, in which the user will fight or escape from the threat. Fear surrounds us everyday and can be caused by variety of sources: from spiders to snakes and from public speaking to heights. However, there is one fear that my discussionsRead MoreNo Men Are Foreign1717 Words   |  7 Pagesforeign tell us that we should not consider anyone as foreign or strange. Humanity is the same all over the world and in harming anyone we are harming ourselves. This poem emphasizes the fact that men might belong to different races, nations, but are basically bound by a common bond i.e. they all feel pain when hurt and shed tears on the loss of someone close and wars should not break this common bondage. In destroying another country we are destroying our own Earth. The poem tells us to look uponRead MoreAnalysis Of Among Strangers By Jude Dibia1183 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding â€Å"Among Strangers†, â€Å"Growing My Hair Again† and â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† exemplify the importance of culture. â€Å"Among Strangers†, a short story written by Jude Dibia, depicts just how critical language, one of the most important aspects of culture, is to a one’s life. It tells about a Nigerian boy who lives with a family who often speaks their native languages; both of which, he is not familiar with. The narrator states My father spoke only English when he was at home with us becauseRead MoreLiving with Strangers Analysis1219 Words   |  5 PagesB. Living With Strangers In 2011 8,244,910 people were living in one of the United States’ most famous cities: New York. New York has the highest population density in the United States with over 27000 people per square mile and it is estimated that 200 languages are spoken in the city. In a city with so many people, different cultures, and languages converts may have difficulties with growing accustomed to a city full of strangers. The American novelist and essayist, Siri Hustvedt, debatesRead MoreWhy Would We Choose to Not Help During a Crisis? Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesare our actions just misunderstood? Barbara E Reid is a professor of New Testament studies and she wrote an article about the kindness of strangers for the periodical America Press. In the first paragraph the article explains some of the reasons we may not stop to help a stranger. â€Å"There are all kinds of good reasons for not stopping to help a stranger: I have other pressing obligations. It’s dangerous—what if the robbers are still lurking and attack me? I don’t have any professional skills

The American Dream - 983 Words

The American dream; it has a certain ring to it that gives us a touch of pride somewhere deep inside. We gravitate towards thinking we live in the greatest country worldwide and although we cooperate with others like Canada, we consider ourselves to have the best of everything. We do not openly boast about how many millions of Americans struggle daily to remain afloat in many ways nationwide. Hitting rock bottom and having bills to pay on top of normal responsibilities like families can be so much pressure it can make a person desperate. The stigma and biased held toward people receiving benefits from welfare programs gives a sense of embarrassment and they struggle to either find work entirely or they take positions that are underpaid. Mark Robert Rank tells us, â€Å"In general, recipients work at jobs similar to those they held in the past- positions requiring semi-skilled or unskilled labor, paying low wages, lacking benefits, and usually part-time† (119). Americans as a whole are far more wealthy than other countries and we hear constantly about other countries that are starving or sick. In our own country we have similar problems and sometimes a blind eye is turned because it is not an admirable subject. Moreover, we look at the stereotypical person on welfare as a menace to society when in truth, some are struggling due to lack of proper work and to help them would be a great asset to the United States. The majority of people utilizing welfare programs haveShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Twelve-Step Program to Escaping Dantes Hell free essay sample

A comparison of the hell described in Dantes `The Inferno` to the twelve-step program required by an alcoholic to pass by AA. Dantes The Inferno paints an incredibly vivid picture of what Hell is like. The journey Dante undertakes in order to progress pass his lost stage and escape Hell can be likened to the 12-Step Program a recovering alcoholic must complete in order to finally escape from the clutches of drinking to excess. This paper explores Dantes journey through the perspective of this 12-Step Program. By going through each step, one can witness the introspective and emotional self-examination Dante goes through, with a little help from his support group, in order to get out of Hell. `The first step that every recovering alcoholic must take involves the process of admitting his or her problem. Alcoholics must acknowledge that they are helpless when battling their addiction and they must admit that this addiction to drink has wreaked havoc on their lives to the point where they have lost control (Alcoholic Anonymous, 1955, 59). We will write a custom essay sample on Twelve-Step Program to Escaping Dantes Hell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dantes predicament is no different to that of an alcoholic struggling to regain control over his or her life. At the beginning of the poem, Dante is portrayed as having gotten lost on the path of life and trying to get back on the right path. Using imagery, Dante recalls that in the middle of his life, he [finds] himself lost in a dark forest, having lost the right path while half asleep. `

Project Governance

Abstract Project governance has become popular in the workplaces, as it addresses lack of accountability in project performance. Project governance is mostly associated with information technology projects; project–based firm develop as a result of management. Today, due to the advancing technology, many firms rely on projects in order to be innovative.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Flexibility is therefore needed in order to allow firms to combine skills and capabilities. This paper elaborates more on project governance, its importance, challenges, and different mechanisms associated with project governance. The paper further elaborates project governance structure in detail and the role of the steering committee and that of the project manager. This research aims at conveying an understanding on the importance of effective project governance, whi ch will contribute to the success of a project other than a failure. Every firm should incorporate project governance, as it assists in monitoring and making firm decisions. Indeed, firms that do not have project governance are mostly associated with fraud and mal-practice. Project Governance Project governance can be described as a framework in which decisions regarding projects are made. According to Renz (2007, p19), â€Å"project governance is a process-oriented system by which projects are strategically directed, intergratively managed, and holistically controlled, in an entrepreneurial and ethically reflected way, appropriate to the singular, time-wise limited, interdisciplinary and complex context.† Normally, management is effective in developing projects that represent organizational structure. Project governance contributes towards solving information and knowledge issues, as it proposes towards the system of strategically directing and controlling projects that invo lve operational and governance level. In addition, project governance provides a structure that aids in meeting objectives of the project, how to obtain the objectives, and how to monitor performance in the place of work (Turner, 2007, p.104). The level of governance must be clearly defined, which is the managerial level that controls the resources in a project. Therefore, the absence of governance in any organization can be interpreted as mismanagement that is equal to fraud. Moreover, good project governance includes an effective mode of communication and an effective assignment of duties and responsibilities.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Project Governance Mechanisms Project governance is associated with an organization process of sharing decisions concerning projects and monitoring those projects. According to (Vallabhaneni, 2009, n.d), â€Å"project governance mechanisms include establishing a project steering committee and project oversight board and conducting a project management audit.† This committee reviews an organization’s functions, but focuses on a specific project at a time. It reviews the scope, impact, funding, challenges, costs, benefits, progress and solves problems that are related to the project. Most development organizations have adopted project governance; however, effective project governance is important, as it is associated with several mechanisms. These mechanisms encourage behavior that should be consistent with an organization’s values, norms, and strategy and mission (PM4DEV, 2008, p.108). The main objective of project governance is to establish effective levels of authority and decision-making, whereby, people and policies are involved in order to provide a framework for decision-making. The roles and responsibilities for the employees involved in a project are defined, and their level of in teraction and co-ordination are considered. An organization management team is held responsible for implementing and supporting a governance structure before the project starts. It is important for management to document the roles and responsibilities; this project governance document should assist in the definition of the decision-making structure, role, and duties of the stakeholders, and the processes involved in the project. According to PM4DEV (2008, p109), some organizations have a standing project governance, which means that the committee overseas all projects, thus defining the decision making structure. According to Nickerson Zenger (2004 p7), markets, authority based hierarchies and consensus based hierarchies are the mechanisms of project governance. Further, they explain how they relate to decision rights, communication channels, and incentives to motivate search in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project Governance specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the market mechanism, a manager decides on how to create knowledge and the best way of utilizing the knowledge and when to disperse the knowledge. Therefore, marketing governance determines the search for valuable information. Due to the prices present in a market, incentives are provided in order to motivate the search for the needed solutions. Each problem requires a solution, which is yielded from a decision made, thus leading to a marketable solution that will be of benefit to an organization. Nickerson Zenger (2004 p7) state that â€Å"markets provide high-powered incentive that motivate actor to pursue trials that expand their knowledge or the sale of products and services based on that knowledge.† The sharing of knowledge on a particular project requires a common language, which is used to communicate; however, markets do not provide strong incentive that formulates a common language. The aut hor further explains that markets have failed as project governance mechanisms, since problems have become more complex. Markets are seen to discourage information sharing rather that a promoter in knowledge sharing; indeed, markets incentives only benefit an individual, other that majority of people. In addition, market incentives do not work towards implementing a common language that would ensure effective sharing of information. However, markets are efficient in finding solutions to organizational problems, but they fail due to ineffective knowledge sharing method. Authority–based hierarchy is a key to decision making and aids in transfer of knowledge. Therefore, in problem solving, authority is necessary in managing of knowledge sharing. In addition, employees grant a manager the authority he needs, and as a result, they attain their wages. Therefore, the knowledge employees receive at the workplace earn them wages for their performance. Authority does not automatically imply presence of expertise; therefore, in case authority is exercised in absence of knowledge, the authority is ineffective. However, authority-based hierarchy is effective when searching for solutions to organizational problems (Nickerson Zenger, 2004, p.9).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consensus–based hierarchy supports knowledge transfer within the organization by educating each other on the knowledge acquired, thus forming a clear direction on the choice of project and how to solve the associated problems. In addition, the control and monitoring mechanisms, include tools that support the planning and implementation of projects, and monitor thee activities to ensure that the initial project objectives are met (Robinson H, et al, 2010 p76). Project governance involves major decision-making, whereby, a project manager has to make some key decisions that pertain to the project. Nevertheless, those issues that the project manager cannot handle may be referred to the project board. Moreover, project governance may impact positively on customers and suppliers in that, a customer is required to be more involved in the project, thus accepting project ownership. When organizations face an increase in capital works, there is need to increase resourcing in the suppli er on business. Decision-making Effective project governance yields to quality decision making, as the project decisions are aligned with the organizational objectives. In addition, proper allocation of resources is ensured across all project; the presence of an effective project governance results to stable and clear decisions. Nevertheless, when a project is in its initiation stage, it requires project governance that will assist is overseeing and controlling the project. Managers should be able to asses the project progress, but ineffective decision-making may lead to failure of the project. According to Kerzner Sponholtz (2011, p.19), â€Å"governance relates to decisions that define expectations, accountability, responsibility, granting of power, and verifying of performance.† Therefore, governance allows effective and efficient decisions to take place in a project. However, due to the large committees involved in project governance, decision-making appears to be slow, as every member wants his /her interests to be considered. Dynamics of Leadership Behavior A leader’s presence is important in any business; therefore, when a firm is dealing with project, it is important for them to acknowledge a project manager that will oversee the process of the project from its initiation stage to its final stage. Leadership in a project is very important, as a certain type of leadership style could lead to either the success or failure of a project. However, culture, customs, and the nature of project may influence the management style used. Autocratic style of leadership involves decision-making process only among the senior management; as a result, the employees are expected to abide by the management decisions. Communication channel follows a downward approach, whereby, orders and instructions are passed from the top leaders to the subordinates. This style of leadership is advantageous as the direction of a project remains constant and decisions are similar, thus portraying a well-managed project (PM4DEV, 2008 p107). The paternalistic style of leadership involves a manager making decision with the employee’s interests in mind, rather than giving all the attention to the project only. The manager takes the initiative of explaining all the decisions regarding the project to the employees. There is the presence of employee motivation in this type of leadership as opposed to autocratic style. This type of leadership creates a sense of loyalty from the employees as their social needs are met. However, the employees assigned to the project may become more dependants on their manager, such that, in case the manager makes wrong decisions, they completely loose faith in him. The democratic style of leadership involves both the leader and the employees in that, the employees take part in decision-making process. Where quality decisions are required, the style of leadership is effective, since employees, opinions are inclusive. Lai ssez-faire requires the manager’s role to be marginal, such that employees have specific areas in which they manage within the project. The communication channel is equal in both sides; however, not much is communicated, thus resulting to poor management of the project. This results from staff lack of direction and focus; hence, the project image is affected. Organizational Structure According to Robinson et al (2010 p75), â€Å"an effective organizational structure defines the reporting structure, lines of accountability, project manager’s role, and responsibilities within a project team.† Therefore, there is need for a good governance structure and mechanisms that is used for making decisions and reporting on project plans among others. To enhance effective project delivery through accountability, strategic goals should be clear to the senior management; thus, they are capable of overseeing project programmes, hence being in a position of managing projects ris k before they affect the capability of the project. At the project level, departmental priorities must be understood, thus making it easier for the staff to identify and manage risks. A project team needs clear definition of their role and responsibilities and a vision. A reporting structure in any organization elaborates how power and control run throughout the organization. Therefore, the reporting structure provides a clear accountability and decision-making. An organizational structure may consist of co-ordinate work streams and the project team reporting to a team manager while he reports to the project board or the project steering committee. A complex organizational structure may make the process of decision making difficult and long. A reliable approval system ensures that there is a good coordination between different project teams within the organization. Moreover, the control and monitoring mechanism spot arising risks and find mitigating measures before they completely c orrupt the project. According to Robinson et al. (2010, p89), project controls keep the project according to plan, regarding time and within the budget. Each project needs an appropriate level of control, as too much control may be unmanageable, while minimal control yields to high costs to the project. Therefore, a control system should be simple and robust; that will ensure that project developments align with the organizational objectives. Project Governance Structure Project governance structure entails a framework that is used to govern a particular project; it includes â€Å"a number of committees and their roles with agreed responsibilities and decision-making rules† (Muller, 2009). Any changes in budgets or schedules are represented to the project governance structure body, such as the project steering committee, which plays a vital role in the planning and directing the project. The project governance structure needs the project steering committee in order to survive in terms of sufficient budget to deliverables. The project steering committee makes vital decisions concerning the governance structure and includes senior managers who monitor and give strategic direction to the team involved in the project, as well as to the stakeholders. The committee also gives recommendations pertaining to the project and holds discussions on strategies and arising opportunities for the project. They also review and approve project development strategies and resolve conflicts between stakeholders. An effective project governance structure is very important in an organization; however, leaders of a project may determine the effectiveness of a project governance structure. Realistic expectations should be set regarding the project governance, since these expectations determine its success. The project steering group should develop collaboration with the project manager in order to ensure that the project objectives are clear to both parties, which would result t o the success of the project. When both parties embrace flexibility and solidarity and ensure that there are proper communication channels, there is a high possibility for a project to prosper. Nevertheless, the steering committee expects the project manager to follow the project’s methodology in a rigorous and flexible manner. Both parties should be flexible, and open communication and mutual understanding should be their key goals. Therefore, a project manager should be given authority to handle the daily arising issues regarding the project, without necessarily having to involve the steering committee (Muller, 2009, p.78). However, when a project gets too difficult, trust in the manager’s competence is normally lost; therefore the steering committee may decide to replace the project manager. In some cases, the two parties fail to communicate through video conferencing or via traveling as a measure of reducing cost, however, they agree on communicating only when crit ical issues arises. Therefore, communication between the two parties is reduced and this could lead to loss of clarity of the project’s objective. Hence, effective working relationships may be lost and this could be the downfall of the project. Communication is a vital factor when dealing with any business; lack of effective communication could lead to misaligning of the organization’s objectives by the project manager, thus resulting to failure in projects. Therefore, there should be a clear exchange of information between both parties. It is however important for the project manager to understand the steering committee requirements towards the project, including its objectives, priorities and specifications. Incase of any danger, a project manager should alert the committee on time, so that the problem can be attended to as fast as possible (Muller, 2009 p80). An example of a governance structure (Treasury board of Canada secretariat, 2008) Challenges associated wit h project governance According to World Bank (2009, p.40), project governance is usually associated with frequent changes in the project team, which could interfere with the accomplishment of the project. Lack of resources and frequent reliance on advisers for decision-making results in the organization spending a lot of money. Due to an effective delegation of power, decision-making takes longer as all the decisions have to be referred to the senior management. Poor management of resources may also arise from interference from external advisers due to the big size of the project committee; indeed, it is often impossible to organize a meeting that each member will be present in. According to Garland (2009, p.113), organizations are faced with different challenges when implementing project governance framework. When implementing new project governance, some changes are evident in the organization. The project governance has the duty of ensuring that project deliveries are on time, th us strengthening the relationship. Nevertheless, an organization may be reluctant to delegate full authority to the project board, due to fear of not receiving all the information concerning the project. Recommendation For any organization to achieve an effective project governance structure, the management must ensure that there is accountability for the success of the project. A project with a clear understanding of who assumes responsibility for its success has a clear leadership, however, when a project does not have a clear accountability for its success, there is no clear guidance to attain solutions for difficult situations. Secondly, the â€Å"assets delivered by the project meet the service delivery needs of the organisation,† to meet its value for money (Garland, 2009). Failure to meet these needs deems the project as a failure, since service delivery ownership determine the project ownership. Thirdly, there should be a separation of stakeholder management from the decision-making activities. Large committees may fail to make quick decisions, but politics are involved, in that, some stakeholders may feel that their needs were not met. Therefore, any induced mechanism must meet the needs of the stakeholders. Fourthly, project governance should be separated from organizational governance structures. Project governance is mainly established with an aim of providing a framework for the project. Since projects need flexible and quick decisions, project governance ensures that key decision makers are placed in a forum, thus ensuring a quick decision making process, one that is not associated with hierarchies. Conclusion Introducing project governance in an organization will probably cause some changes; hence, it is important for the management to identify those areas that will be greatly affected by project governance in order to induce methods that can manage such areas, so that they may result to success. After introducing project governance, it i s important to introduce mechanisms that will contribute to accountability and transparency. Governance is a solution for organizations, but it requires the support of the organization’s executives. Nevertheless, lack of effective project governance may lead to a project failure, hence, loss of incentives that were allocated to such a project. Therefore, effective governance should ensure that projects deliver the intended value that is expected from them. When an appropriate framework is put in place, it will ensure that money is saved, as it is only used as budgeted. In addition, good project governance includes an effective mode of communication and an effective assignment of duties and responsibilities. Therefore, an organization management team should be responsible when implementing and supporting a governance structure before a project begins. References Garland, R., 2009. Project Governance: A Practical Guide to Effective Project Decision Making. London: Kogan Page Pu blishers. Kerzner, H. and Sponholtz, J. 2011. Project Management Metrics, KPIs, and Dashboards: A Guide to Measuring and Monitoring Project Performance. NJ: John Wiley and Sons Publisher. Muller, R., 2009. Project Governance; Fundamentals of project management. Surrey: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Nickerson, J. Zenger, T. 2004. Organization Science; A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm; the Problem-Solving Perspective. Web. PM4DEV. 2008. Fundamentals of Project Management. NY: Lulu.com Publisher. Renz, P., 2007. Project governance: implementing corporate governance and business ethics in nonprofit organizations. Berlin: Springer Publishers. Robinson, H. et al. 2010. Governance and Knowledge Management for Public-Private Partnerships. NJ: John Wiley and Sons Publisher. Treasury board of Canada secretariat. 2008. Project Organization; Project governance. Web. Turner, R., 2007. Gower handbook of project management. 4th edition. Surrey: Gower Publishing Ltd. Vallabhaneni, D., 2009. Whatâ€⠄¢s Your MBA IQ? A Manager’s Career Development Tool. NJ: John Wiley and Sons Publisher. World Bank. 2009. Attracting investors to African public-private partnerships: a project preparation guide. 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